Al Ahram Weekly
Azza Radwan Sedky
Friday 27 Jun 2025
As Egypt’s population reaches 105 million, it is essential to utilise all existing land resources and implement innovative solutions to address water shortages.
Only 10.5 per cent of Egypt’s total land area is inhabited, of which only 4.1 per cent is utilised for agricultural purposes.
These inhabited areas are predominately along the Nile River and in the Nile Delta, where the population is most densely concentrated and agricultural activities are focused. The remaining 96 per cent of Egypt’s land is largely desert, which means that only a small portion of the country’s vast territory is used for settlements and agriculture.
The Nile River is often referred to as the lifeline of Egypt because it has been the source of life, agriculture, and prosperity for millennia. Approximately 97 per cent of Egypt’s fresh water is sourced from the Nile, making it indispensable to meeting Egypt’s needs.
The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) that is being built in Ethiopia has been a significant concern for Egypt, as it may reduce the flow of its major lifeline, the Nile River, thereby affecting Egypt’s water security as downstream water diminishes. Even so, Egypt’s water issues have been building up for years as it grapples with water shortages and scarcity. This has been mainly due to population growth, which has increased water demand, and climate change, which has affected the Nile River’s flow.
Today, Egypt is working tirelessly to reclaim desert areas so as to expand its agricultural capacity and livable areas by making better use of all its water resources. It has embarked on an ambitious mission to reclaim its desert lands, transforming arid, barren terrain into thriving urban and agricultural hubs.
Egypt has made progress via several intertwined projects to move out of the narrow Nile Valley. One of the main projects is the New Delta. This project aims to maximise the usage of every drop of water and achieve the highest productivity while creating new communities and attracting people from the old Delta. It seeks to cultivate nearly four million acres.
The New Delta is located west of the Nile Delta in the Western Desert south of Al-Alamein and east and west of the Qattara Depression. According to Prime Minister Mustafa Madbouli, “the New Delta project equals the size of four to five Egyptian governorates and is expected to create approximately 250,000 direct and indirect job opportunities.” The project will also add 15 per cent new cultivated land to Egypt’s existing agricultural base.
Moving water to the area is of primary importance, and the project includes building the Northern Canal, which some are calling “Africa’s largest artificial river canal in the desert.” This is a 174 km water corridor that will transfer 7.5 million cubic metres of agricultural drainage water from old Delta areas to a treatment plant for treatment and repurposing.
The water will come from various sources including but not limited to treated water from agricultural drainage water to water saved from the National Canal Lining Project, a large-scale initiative that focused on lining irrigation canals and streams across Egypt. It saved billions of cubic metres of water that were previously wasted as the water seeped into the surrounding ground. These savings will contribute significantly to the water resources required for the New Delta Project.
Water treatment plants purify water to make it safe for drinking and for agricultural purposes by removing contaminants and undesirable components. Treatment plants built at the end of agricultural drainage networks will generate usable water that would otherwise go unused.
The New Delta Project relies on repurposing treated agricultural drainage water. It will reuse water stemming from 55,000 km of canals and drains. This will be directed to the New Delta Water Treatment Plant, the largest globally, via the Northern Canal. According to Hani Sweilem, minister of water resources and irrigation, the Plant consists of “12 lifting stations and a conveyor track of a length of 174 km, of which 75 per cent has been implemented.”
The Bahr Al-Baqar Drainage Water Treatment Plant close to Port Said is also one of the largest agricultural wastewater treatment plants in the world and has a capacity of five million cubic metres per day. It is 105 km long and has 18 lifting stations. In 2021, the plant was completed and is now supplying treated water for irrigating 342,000 acres of land in Sinai.
Egyptian-American scientist Farouk Al-Baz has confirmed the feasibility of expanding into the Western Desert. “Historically, there was heavy rainfall in this area [the Western Desert] before the Nile River existed, which led to the accumulation of sediments rich in minerals and nutrients for the soil, in addition to groundwater stored from this period. Therefore, we have an ideal environment for agriculture,” he said.
Egypt is also actively involved in drilling water wells to make desert areas arable and to transform arid land into productive farmland. Today, lush farmlands stretch across Egypt’s Western Desert thanks to the wells that have been drilled there.
ZPEC (Zhongman Petroleum and Petrochemical Equipment) is a Chinese company that has been operating in Egypt since 2016, primarily focusing on water well drilling to support agricultural development. More than 680 wells have been built across the country, from Sinai to Aswan. They have played a significant role in helping Egypt reclaim desert land by drilling wells in various governorates including Minya, Matrouh, Aswan, and the New Valley.
Egypt’s bold steps to reclaim the desert signify a new chapter in its development. As the sands of the desert are reshaped into thriving urban and agricultural landscapes, Egypt’s vision of reclaiming it is steadily becoming a reality.
The writer is a former professor of communication who is based in Vancouver, Canada.
* A version of this article appears in print in the 26 June, 2025 edition of Al-Ahram Weekly